LOOK AWAY DIXIELAND by Mike GNATEK Limited edition art print 1987 Civil War

Description

LIMITED EDITION ART PRINT - " LOOK AWAY DIXIELAND " by Michael Gnatek. Published in 1987 in a limited edition of only 950 prints and long ago sold out. Measures 20" x 26 1/2". Each print is signed and numbered by the artist and comes with a Certificate of Authenticity. in MINT condition - Never Framed or Mounted. Number will be different than the one pictured. Great artwork - Original price was $ 125.00. Insured USPS priority mail delivery in the Continental US is $ 20.00.
Will be shipped in a extra heavy duty tube that has to be purchased and not the cheap post office type that crushes easily. That is why the high (as some have complained)shipping cost.
Will  ship Worldwide and will combine shipping when practical.
Michael Gnatek, Jr. was long recognized as the premier portrait painter, both of American military and western figures. Born in Hadley, Massachusetts, he began his artistic career at the age of eleven.  He attended Yale University’s School of Design, where he studied with noted abstract artist, Joseph Albers. His range of subject matter is remarkably diverse from strongly confident poses of Patton, Stuart, Lee, Jackson and a young Confederate Standard-Bearer to the quiet tranquility of Sitting Bull, an Indian Sundancer, a solitary mountain man and a demure Crow maiden.
Sadly, Mr. Gnatek passed away in Fall 2006.
Michael’s work was featured in Southwest Art, The Artist’s Magazine, and in the book, Contemporary Western Artists, by Peggy and Harold Samuels.
Dixie (also known as Dixieland) is a nickname for the Southern United States, particularly the states that seceded to form the Confederate States of America (1861–65).[5]
Bayou Navigation in Dixie, engraving of a Louisiana Steamboat, 1863
As a definite geographic location within the United States, "Dixie" is usually defined as the eleven Southern states that seceded in late 1860 and early 1861 to form the new Confederate States of America. They are (in order of secession): South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee. Maryland never seceded from the Union, but many of its citizens favored the Confederacy. Many of Maryland's representatives were arrested[6] to prevent secession,[7] Both the states of Missouri and Kentucky produced Ordinances of Secession and had government-in-exile for the Confederacy.[8] Ultimately, these states also remained with the Union acting as border states. West Virginia was part of Virginia until 1863; counties that chose not to secede from the Union became part of West Virginia.
Although Maryland is not considered in Dixie today, Maryland is below the Mason–Dixon line. If the origin of the term Dixie is accepted as referring to the region south and west of that line, Maryland lies within Dixie. It can be argued that Maryland during the pre-Civil War era, was part of Dixie, especially culturally.[9] In this sense, it would remain so into the 1970s, until an influx of people from the Northeast made the state and its culture significantly less Southern (especially Baltimore), along with the suburbs of Washington, DC.[10] Similarly, the character of Florida – a state which did secede in 1861 and was a member of the Confederacy – largely changed culturally in the 20th century by a great influx of Northerners, in particular New Yorkers.
The location and boundaries of "Dixie" have, over time, become increasingly subjective and mercurial.[11] Today, it is most often associated with parts of the Southern United States where traditions and legacies of the Confederate era and the antebellum South live most strongly.[12] The concept of "Dixie" as the location of a certain set of cultural assumptions, mind-sets and traditions (along with those of other regions in North America) was explored in the 1981 book The Nine Nations of North America.[13]
Uses of the term
In terms of self-identification and appeal, the popularity of the word "Dixie" has been found to be declining. A 1976 study revealed that in an area of the South covering some 350,000 square miles (910,000 km2) (all Mississippi and Alabama, almost all of Georgia, Tennessee and South Carolina, and around a half of Louisiana, Arkansas, Kentucky, North Carolina and Florida) "Dixie" reached 25% of the popularity of "American" in names of commercial business entities.[14] A 1999 analysis found that between 1976 and 1999, in 19% of US cities sampled there was an increase of relative use of "Dixie", in 48% of cities sampled there was a decline, and no change was recorded in 32% of cities.[15] A 2010 study found that in the course of 40 years, the area in question shrank to just 40,000 square miles (100,000 km2), to the territory at the confluence of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida.[16] In 1976 at some 600,000 square miles (1,600,000 km2)[a] "Dixie" reached at least 6% popularity of "American"; in 2010 the corresponding area was some 500,000 square miles (1,300,000 km2).[17]
In the 21st century, concerns over glorifying the Confederacy led to various things named "Dixie" being renamed, including Dolly Parton's production "Dixie Stampede",[18] the music group Dixie Chicks,[19] and possibly Dixie State University in Utah, as their board of trustees voted unanimously in December 2020 to change the name.[20]
The term Dixieland in the context of Jazz, though originally derived from "Dixie" (i.e., implying a Southern origin for this type of music) gained a completely different set of connotations. In particular, many African Americans were involved in this kind of jazz, while few if any of them would embrace the political connotations of "Dixie".[citation needed]
Origin of the name
Ten-dollar note from Banque des citoyens de la Louisiane, 1860
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the origin of this nickname remains obscure. The most common theories according to A Dictionary of Americanisms on Historical Principles (1951) by Mitford M. Mathews are:
"Dixie" is derived from Jeremiah Dixon, a surveyor of the Mason–Dixon line, which defined the border between Maryland and Pennsylvania, separating free and slave states subsequent to the Missouri Compromise.[21] Evidence shows that 'Dixon' became 'Dixie' in a children's game played in New York back in the 1840s.[22]
The word "Dixie" refers to currency issued first by the Citizens State Bank in the French Quarter of New Orleans and then by other banks in Louisiana.[23] These banks issued ten-dollar notes[24] labeled Dix on the reverse side, French for "ten". The notes were known as "Dixies" by Southerners, and the area around New Orleans and the French-speaking parts of Louisiana came to be known as "Dixieland."[5] Eventually, usage of the term broadened to refer to the Southern states in general.
One apocryphal account claims that the word preserves the name of a Mr. Johan Dixie (sometimes spelled Dixy), a slave owner on Manhattan Island where slavery was legal until 1827. According to a story recounted in Word Myths: Debunking Linguistic Urban Legends (2008), Dixie's slaves were later sold in the South, where they told of better treatment while working "Dixie's Land.” There is no evidence that this story is true.[25][26]
The
Confederate States of America
(
CSA
), commonly referred to as the
Confederate States
or the
Confederacy
, was an
unrecognized
breakaway state
[1]
in existence from February 8, 1861, to May 9, 1865, that fought against the
United States of America
during the
American Civil War
.
[2]
[3]
The eleven states that seceded from the Union and formed the main part of the CSA were
South Carolina
,
Mississippi
,
Florida
,
Alabama
,
Georgia
,
Louisiana
,
Texas
,
Virginia
,
Arkansas
,
Tennessee
, and
North Carolina
.
The Confederacy was formed on February 8, 1861, by the seven
secessionist
slave states
:
South Carolina
,
Mississippi
,
Florida
,
Alabama
,
Georgia
,
Louisiana
, and
Texas
.
[4]
All seven of the states were located in the
Deep South
region of the United States, whose economy was heavily dependent upon agriculture—particularly cotton—and a
plantation system
that relied upon
slaves of African descent
for labor.
[5]
Convinced that
white supremacy
[4]
[6]
and the
institution of slavery
[4]
[6]
were threatened by the
November 1860 election
of
Republican candidate
Abraham Lincoln
to the
U.S. presidency
, on a platform which opposed the expansion of slavery into the western territories, the Confederacy declared its secession from the United States, with the loyal states becoming known as the
Union
during the ensuing
American Civil War
.
[2]
In a speech known today as the
Cornerstone Address
,
Confederate Vice President
Alexander H. Stephens
described its ideology as being centrally based "upon the great truth that the
negro
is not equal to the
white man
; that
slavery
, subordination to the superior race, is his natural and normal condition".
[7]
Before Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861, a provisional Confederate government was established on February 8, 1861. It was considered illegal by the United States federal government, and many Northerners thought of the Confederates as
traitors
. After war began in April, four slave states of the
Upper South
—
Virginia
,
Arkansas
,
Tennessee
, and
North Carolina
—also seceded and joined the Confederacy. The Confederacy later accepted the slave states of
Missouri
and
Kentucky
as members, although neither officially declared secession nor were they ever largely controlled by Confederate forces, despite the efforts of Confederate
shadow governments
which were eventually expelled. The government of the United States (the Union) rejected the claims of secession as illegitimate.
The Civil War began on April 12, 1861, when the
Confederates attacked Fort Sumter
, a Union fort in the harbor of
Charleston, South Carolina
. No foreign government ever recognized the Confederacy as an independent country,
[1]
[8]
[9]
although
Great Britain
and
France
granted it
belligerent
status, which allowed Confederate agents to contract with private concerns for arms and other supplies.
In 1865, after four years of heavy fighting and 620,000–850,000 military deaths,
[10]
[11]
all Confederate land and naval forces either surrendered or otherwise ceased hostilities. The war lacked a formal end, with Confederate forces surrendering or disbanding sporadically throughout most of 1865. The most significant capitulation was Confederate general
Robert E. Lee
's surrender to
Ulysses S. Grant
at
Appomattox
on April 9, after which any lingering doubt regarding the war's outcome and/or the Confederacy's prospect for survival was extinguished, although another sizable force under Confederate general
Joseph E. Johnston
did not formally surrender to
William T. Sherman
until April 26. The Confederacy's civilian government also disintegrated in a chaotic manner: the
Confederate States Congress
effectively ceased to exist as a legislative body following its final adjournment
sine die
on March 18 while Confederate President
Jefferson Davis
's administration declared the Confederacy dissolved on May 5,
[5]
[12]
and Davis himself acknowledged in later writings that the Confederacy "disappeared" in 1865.
[13]
Meanwhile,
President Lincoln was assassinated
by Confederate sympathizer
John Wilkes Booth
on April 15, 1865.
After the war, Confederate states were readmitted to the Union during the
Reconstruction era
, after each ratified the
13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
, which outlawed slavery. "
Lost Cause
" ideology—an idealized view of the Confederacy as valiantly fighting for a just cause—emerged in the
decades after the war
among former Confederate generals and politicians, as well as organizations such as the
United Daughters of the Confederacy
and the
Sons of Confederate Veterans
. Particularly intense periods of Lost Cause activity came around the time of
World War I
, as the last Confederate veterans began to die and a push was made to preserve their memory, and then during the
Civil Rights Movement
of the 1950s and 1960s, in
reaction
to growing public support for
racial equality
. Through activities such as building prominent
Confederate monuments
and writing school history
textbooks
to paint the Confederacy in a favorable light, Lost Cause advocates sought to ensure future generations of Southern
whites
would continue to support white supremacist policies such as the
Jim Crow laws
.
[14]
The
modern display of Confederate flags
primarily started in the late 1940s with
South Carolina Governor
Strom Thurmond
's
Dixiecrats
in opposition to the Civil Rights Movement, and has continued to the present day.
[15]
[16]
Events leading to
the
American Civil War
Northwest Ordinance
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
End of Atlantic slave trade
Missouri Compromise
Tariff of 1828
Nat Turner's slave rebellion
Nullification crisis
Trial of Reuben Crandall
Gag rule
Commonwealth v. Aves
Martyrdom of Elijah Lovejoy
Burning of Pennsylvania Hall
End of slavery in British colonies
American Slavery as It Is
The
Amistad
affair
Prigg v. Pennsylvania
Texas annexation
Mexican–American War
Wilmot Proviso
Nashville Convention
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Kansas–Nebraska Act
Recapture of Anthony Burns
Ostend Manifesto
Caning of Charles Sumner
Bleeding Kansas
Dred Scott v. Sandford
Panic of 1857
The Impending Crisis of the South
Lincoln–Douglas debates
Oberlin–Wellington Rescue
John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
1860 presidential election
Crittenden Compromise
Secession of Southern states
Star of the West
Peace Conference of 1861
Corwin Amendment
Battle of Fort Sumter
President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers
v
t
e
Span of control
Map of the division of the states in the
American Civil War
(1861–1865). Blue indicates the northern Union states; light blue represents five Union slave states (
border states
) that primarily stayed in Union control. Red represents southern seceded states in rebellion, also known as the Confederate States of America. Uncolored areas were U.S. territories, with the exception of the
Indian Territory
(later
Oklahoma
).
On February 22, 1862, the Confederate States Constitution of seven state signatories –
Mississippi
,
South Carolina
,
Florida
,
Alabama
,
Georgia
,
Louisiana
, and
Texas
– replaced the
Provisional Constitution
of February 8, 1861, with one stating in its preamble a desire for a "permanent federal government". Four additional slave-holding states –
Virginia
,
Arkansas
,
Tennessee
, and
North Carolina
– declared their secession and joined the Confederacy following
a call
by U.S. President
Abraham Lincoln
for troops from each state to recapture
Sumter
and other seized federal properties in the South.
[17]
Missouri
and
Kentucky
were represented by partisan factions adopting the forms of state governments without control of substantial territory or population in either case. The
antebellum
state governments in both maintained their representation in the
Union
. Also fighting for the Confederacy were two of the "
Five Civilized Tribes
" – the
Choctaw
and the
Chickasaw
– in
Indian Territory
and a new, but uncontrolled,
Confederate Territory of Arizona
. Efforts by certain factions in
Maryland
to secede were halted by federal imposition of
martial law
;
Delaware
, though of divided loyalty, did not attempt it. A Unionist government was formed in opposition to the secessionist state government in Richmond and administered the western parts of Virginia that had been occupied by Federal troops. The
Restored Government of Virginia
later recognized the new state of
West Virginia
, which was admitted to the Union during the war on June 20, 1863, and relocated to
Alexandria
for the rest of the war.
[17]
Confederate control over its claimed territory and population in congressional districts steadily shrank from three-quarters to a third during the course of the
American Civil War
due to the Union's successful overland campaigns, its control of inland waterways into the South, and its
blockade
of the southern coast.
[18]
With the
Emancipation Proclamation
on January 1, 1863, the Union made abolition of slavery a war goal (in addition to reunion). As Union forces moved southward, large numbers of plantation slaves were freed. Many joined the Union lines, enrolling in service as soldiers, teamsters and laborers. The most notable advance was Sherman's "
March to the Sea
" in late 1864. Much of the Confederacy's infrastructure was destroyed, including telegraphs, railroads and bridges. Plantations in the path of Sherman's forces were severely damaged. Internal movement within the Confederacy became increasingly difficult, weakening its economy and limiting army mobility.
[19]
These losses created an insurmountable disadvantage in men,
materiel
, and finance. Public support for Confederate President
Jefferson Davis
's administration eroded over time due to repeated military reverses, economic hardships, and allegations of autocratic government. After four years of campaigning, Richmond was captured by Union forces in April 1865. A few days later General
Robert E. Lee
surrendered to Union General
Ulysses S. Grant
, effectively signalling the collapse of the Confederacy. President Davis was captured on May 10, 1865, and jailed for treason, but no trial was ever held.
[20]
History
Evolution of the Confederate States, December 20, 1860 – July 15, 1870
The Confederacy was established in the
Montgomery Convention
in February 1861 by seven states (
South Carolina
,
Mississippi
,
Alabama
,
Florida
,
Georgia
,
Louisiana
, adding
Texas
in March before Lincoln's inauguration), expanded in May–July 1861 (with
Virginia
,
Arkansas
,
Tennessee
,
North Carolina
), and disintegrated in April–May 1865. It was formed by delegations from seven slave states of the
Lower South
that had proclaimed their secession from the Union. After the fighting began in April, four additional slave states seceded and were admitted. Later, two slave states (Missouri and Kentucky) and two territories were given seats in the Confederate Congress.
[21]
Southern nationalism was swelling and pride supported the new founding.
[22]
[23]
Confederate nationalism prepared men to fight for "the Cause". For the duration of its existence, the Confederacy underwent trial by war.
[24]
The "Southern Cause" transcended the ideology of
states' rights
, tariff policy, and internal improvements. This "Cause" supported, or derived from, cultural and financial dependence on the South's slavery-based economy. The convergence of race and slavery, politics, and economics raised almost all South-related policy questions to the status of moral questions over way of life, commingling love of things Southern and hatred of things Northern. Not only did national political parties split, but national churches and interstate families as well divided along sectional lines as the war approached.
[25]
According to historian John M. Coski,
The statesmen who led the secession movement were unashamed to explicitly cite the defense of
slavery
as their prime motive ... Acknowledging the centrality of slavery to the Confederacy is essential for understanding the Confederate.
[26]
Southern Democrats had chosen
John Breckinridge
as their candidate during the U.S. presidential election of 1860, but in no Southern state (other than South Carolina, where the legislature chose the electors) was support for him unanimous; all the other states recorded at least some popular votes for one or more of the other three candidates (Abraham Lincoln,
Stephen A. Douglas
and
John Bell
). Support for these candidates, collectively, ranged from significant to an outright majority, with extremes running from 25% in Texas to 81% in Missouri.
[27]
There were minority views everywhere, especially in the upland and plateau areas of the South, being particularly concentrated in western Virginia and eastern Tennessee.
[28]
Following South Carolina's unanimous 1860 secession vote, no other Southern states considered the question until 1861, and when they did none had a unanimous vote. All had residents who cast significant numbers of Unionist votes in either the legislature, conventions, popular referendums, or in all three. Voting to remain in the Union did not necessarily mean that individuals were sympathizers with the North. Once hostilities began, many of these who voted to remain in the Union, particularly in the Deep South, accepted the majority decision, and supported the Confederacy.
[29]
Many writers have evaluated the Civil War as an American tragedy—a "Brothers' War", pitting "brother against brother, father against son, kin against kin of every degree".
[30]
[31]
John Brown Gordon
(Georgia) – Major-General
Henry Heth
(Virginia) – Major-General
Daniel Harvey Hill
(South Carolina) – Major-General
Edward Johnson
(Virginia) – Major-General
Joseph B. Kershaw
(South Carolina) – Major-General
Fitzhugh Lee
(Virginia) – Major-General
George Washington Custis Lee
(Virginia) – Major-General
William Henry Fitzhugh Lee
(Virginia) – Major-General
William Mahone
(Virginia) – Major-General
George Pickett
(Virginia) – Major-General
Camillus J. Polignac
(France) – Major-General
Sterling Price
(Missouri) – Major-General
Stephen Dodson Ramseur
(North Carolina) – Major-General
Thomas L. Rosser
(Virginia) – Major-General
J. E. B. Stuart
(Virginia) – Major-General
Earl Van Dorn
(Mississippi) – Major-General
John A. Wharton
(Tennessee) – Major-General
Edward Porter Alexander
(Georgia) – Brigadier-General
Francis Marion Cockrell
(Missouri) – Brigadier-General
Clement A. Evans
(Georgia) – Brigadier-General
John Hunt Morgan
(Kentucky) – Brigadier-General
William N. Pendleton
(Virginia) – Brigadier-General
Stand Watie
(Georgia) – Brigadier-General (last to surrender)
Lawrence Sullivan Ross
(Texas) – Brigadier-General
John S. Mosby
, the "Grey Ghost of the Confederacy" (Virginia) – Colonel
Franklin Buchanan
(Maryland) – Admiral
Raphael Semmes
(Maryland) – Rear Admiral